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Independent Variable
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Upon research I came across a paper by J.W. Pickering on the action of substances on the heart rate of daphnia (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1514548/ ). In this paper he tested the effects of multiple substances including caffeine- in which he concluded that caffeine increased both the force and frequency of the heart rate. However, with high concentrations a phenomenon known as tonic contraction occurred in which an increased heart rate would remain for up to hours. In some of our experiments we used the same daphnia for multiple concentrations however after reading the paper I believe this to be a fatal flaw. At high concentrations where tonic contraction would occur all experimental runs with other concentrations after this would be invalid as the heart rate would have been effected for potentially hours.
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Objectives
Safety
Apparatus
Method
Results Analysis
Evaluation
Research websites: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26566289_Impact_of_Sucrose_Concentrations_on_in_vitro_Pollen_Germination_of_Okra_Hibiscus_esculentus http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjbs.2001.402.403 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00497-014-0246-y How does the peer review process work?
Objectives
Safety
Apparatus
Producing alginate beads
Investigation method
Results: Starting on the left the ph is 7.6 and increases in increments of 0.2 reaching 9.2 on the right hand side: Analysis of results
CPAC 9: Investigation into how temperature affects the rate of respiration using a respirometer10/11/2016 Objectives
Safety
Apparatus
Method
Results Evaluation
It would also be good to perform this experiment with larger organisms to see the differences in respiratory rates. However apparatus would be a great problem. Through research however I cam across a study by P. Spencer Davies in which he describes how to make a constant pressure respirometer for medium-sized animals: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3564785?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents The method is simple. You simply use a constant pressure respirometer where the manometer is drilled from a solid block of perspex and in which the volumetric measuring devise is a standard micrometer head. This apparatus would have a wide mouthed chamber and therefore would be able to accomodate larger animals than conventional apparatus. Intro In this experiment we used the ACFOR scale to measure the species populations at 4 different areas of shore: the lower shore, middle shore, upper shore and the splash zone. The image below should help you to understand the shore layout: What is meant by these terms? Lower shore
Middle shore
Upper shore
Splash zone
ACFOR scale
Methodology
Results
Experimental limitations
What is meant by exposed and sheltered shores?
Hypothesis
Null hypothesis
Methodology
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Variables to be controlled
Experimental limitations
Results
Conclusion
What is chromatography?
Chromatography is a separation process that relies upon the differential distributions of a mixture between a mobile liquid phase (the chromatography solvent) and a stationary solid phase (the paper). Apparatus
Methodology
Safety precautions
Results Ivory is a hard, white material from the tusks (traditionally elephant's) and teeth of animals, that can be used in art or manufacturing. It consists mainly of dentine (inorganic formula Ca10(PO4)6(CO3)·H2O)), one of the physical structures of teeth and tusks. The chemical structure of the teeth and tusks of mammals is the same, regardless of the species of origin. The trade in certain teeth and tusks other than elephant is well established and widespread; therefore, "ivory" can correctly be used to describe any mammalian teeth or tusks of commercial interest which are large enough to be carved or scrimshawed. It has been valued since ancient times for making a range of items, from ivory carvings to false teeth, fans, and dominoes. Ivory is seen as a luxury item as it has a clean white look which is heavily associated with wealth. In Asian countries where it is popular (an estimated 70% of ivory ends up in China) the ivory is used in many traditional medicines and for ornaments. Therefore the product is heavily desirable. It also holds its value incredibly well and as more ivory is confiscated the price will go up. Some African countries and many Asian investors have stores of ivory which will further increase the value and demand for ivory. Currently a pound of ivory can be worth upwards of $1,000
Around Africa there are many nature reserves / safari such as the Masai Mara which are used for conservation and are a tourist destination. Much of the money gained through tourism is used to maintain the population of elephants. CITES also approved the ‘one-off’ sale of almost 50 tonnes of ivory stockpiled by Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to Japan. Born Free predicted that poaching would continue. At least 6,000 elephants were killed and 17,000kg of ivory seized by customs. Born Free highlighted that this likely represented just 10-20% of the total slaughter and campaigned to ban the global ivory trade once more. The problem with these sales is that they blur the line between legal and illegal sales of ivory. The law is that the ivory sold must also be legally procured from elephants that have died of natural causes. However the ivory itself is no different so it is impossible to tell if it is legal or illegal. The buyers, who are generally from China and Japan all have to be certified traders who are decided by the CITES Standing Committee who also oversee all operations within legal trade .Another rule is that these countries that sell the ivory must use the proceeds to conserve the remaining elephants, this is ensures by the CITES Secretariat and makes sure that the trades are correctly entered in the national register. The African Elephant Conservation Act was passed in 1988. It allows the US government to take legal action against illegal ivory imports and authorizes government funding for conservation projects. A limitation of this, like the CITES agreement is that ivory purchases before the ban is still legal to be traded. Charities such as WWF have programs called ‘adopt an elephant’ in which you donate in exchange for updates and money received goes towards; increasing public support, strengthening antipoaching initiatives and protecting elephant habitats Sources http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/10/ivory/elephant-ivory-poaching-graphic http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/150812-elephant-ivory-demand-wildlife-trafficking-china-world/ https://cites.org/eng/news/pr/2008/081107_ivory.shtml http://www.bornfree.org.uk/animals/african-elephants/projects/ivory-trade/ https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/elephants/conservation-and-research http://www.elephantconservationcenter.com/ https://elephantconservation.org/programs/africa-programs/ http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/elephant http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/09/what-is-it-about-an-elephants-tusks-that-make-them-so-valuable/262021/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/34571732 |
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